A very common skin change
Stretch marks are narrow bands or streaks that appear on the skin, often on the stomach, hips, thighs, buttocks, breasts, upper arms and lower back. Their medical name is striae. They are extremely common and affect people of all genders, ages and skin tones. They are not harmful, painful or a sign of illness in the great majority of cases, and they do not reflect poor skin care.
Many people have them and never give them a thought. Others find them bothersome. Both reactions are valid, and it helps to know what they are and what can realistically be expected.
How they form
Skin has a deeper layer called the dermis, which contains collagen and elastin. These give skin its strength and stretch. When skin is stretched quickly or under sustained strain, these supporting fibers can be disrupted, and the skin forms thin, scar-like lines in response. Because it happens beneath the surface, you cannot scrub or rub them away from the top.
Things that are commonly associated with stretch marks include:
- Growth spurts, especially during puberty, when the body grows quickly.
- Pregnancy, when the skin stretches over the abdomen, hips and breasts. Our overview of skin care during pregnancy covers other general considerations.
- Weight gain or loss, particularly if it happens quickly.
- Muscle building that expands the body in a short time.
- Family history, since genetics appear to influence who gets them and how much.
- Certain medical conditions and medicines, such as long-term or high-dose corticosteroids, which can thin the skin. If you have a concern about this, a doctor is the right person to ask.
Hormones seem to play a role, which is one reason they are common during puberty and pregnancy. It is not fully clear why some people get them and others in similar situations do not.
What they look like and how they change
Stretch marks go through stages.
- Early stage. They often appear as pink, red, purple or brownish lines, sometimes slightly raised. They may feel itchy or mildly tender. The color depends in part on skin tone.
- Later stage. Over months to years, they usually fade to a paler, silvery or white color and become flatter, with a slightly different texture from the surrounding skin. They may look a little thin or crinkled.
This natural fading is the main change most people see. The marks do not disappear completely in most cases, though they often become much less noticeable.
Can they be prevented?
No topical product has been reliably shown to prevent stretch marks. Many creams, oils and butters are marketed for this purpose, and some people feel their skin is more comfortable and less itchy when they moisturize regularly. Moisturizing can soothe tight, dry skin as it stretches, and it is a harmless habit. But it should not be seen as a guaranteed way to avoid marks, since genetics and the speed of change seem to matter a great deal. If a product promises to prevent or erase stretch marks completely, be skeptical.
Gradual change in weight, where it is safe and appropriate, may be less likely to cause stretching than rapid change, but this is not a guarantee either.
What might help with appearance
Because the changes lie below the surface, expectations should be modest. A few general points:
- Moisturizing. It can improve comfort and soften the surface, especially if skin is dry. Thick body creams and the ingredients described in the guide to humectants emollients and occlusives are common choices. See also the discussion of body lotion, cream or ointment.
- Itch relief. Newly forming marks can itch. Gentle moisturizing and avoiding hot showers may help, and scratching should be avoided. Our article on shower habits explains why heat can worsen itching.
- Topical ingredients. Some products contain ingredients such as retinoids or other actives, and some are used under professional guidance. They are not suitable for everyone, and retinol products should be avoided during pregnancy unless a doctor advises otherwise. Do not start such products on your own if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Professional treatments. Dermatologists and other clinicians may offer procedures such as laser or light therapies or microneedling. Evidence on results is mixed, outcomes vary, and they can be costly, so it is wise to ask about realistic outcomes, risks and costs before deciding.
- Makeup or self-tanner. Cosmetic coverage can reduce visibility without affecting the skin itself. Patch testing new products is sensible.
- Sun protection. Sun exposure can make the contrast between marks and surrounding skin more noticeable, because tanned skin around paler marks stands out. Daily sunscreen is a simple way to avoid making the difference stronger.
Newer marks tend to respond better to treatments than older ones, but even then, complete removal is not something anyone can honestly promise.
What to be careful about
- Harsh scrubs and strong acids. They will not remove stretch marks and can irritate skin.
- Unproven remedies. Many home remedies lack evidence. Natural does not always mean gentle, and some natural ingredients cause reactions. Our overview of natural ingredients covers this.
- Expensive claims. If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Living with stretch marks
Stretch marks are a normal feature of many bodies. For some people, the way they feel about the marks matters more than the marks themselves, and it is fine to take your time with that. If appearance distresses you or affects your mood or daily activities, talking to a doctor or a trusted professional is reasonable.
When to see a professional
Stretch marks are usually harmless, but speak with a doctor if:
- They appear suddenly, widely or in unusual places without obvious cause, such as rapid weight gain without explanation.
- They are accompanied by other symptoms, such as easy bruising, thinning skin, unusual hair growth or persistent fatigue.
- The skin is painful, broken, infected or very itchy.
- You are considering a cosmetic treatment and want to know the risks and realistic outcomes.
A professional can check for underlying causes, if relevant, and discuss options suited to you. Results vary widely from person to person.